Approaches to Valuation/Risk and Return--Theory/Estimation of Discount Rates/Understanding Financial Statements/Estimation of Cashflows/Estimation of Growth Rates/Market Efficiency--Definition and Tests/Market Efficiency--The Evidence Dividend Discount Models/Free Cashflows to Equity Discount Models/Valuing a Firm--The Free Cashflows to the Firm Approach Special Cases in Discounted Cashflow Valuation/Price-Earnings Multiples/Price-Book Value Multiples/Price-Sales Multiples.